Write about the Case Study Report on Flextronics- Professor Notes

Question: Expound on the Case Study Report onFlextronics. Answer: Presentation Flextronics is experiencing a few issues that are weave man asset and the executives related. Advanced administration includes human asset in wanting to guarantee that representatives are adjusted to the business procedure that the association. This has hence prompted the consideration of human asset work force at the administration level and the ascent of human asset supervisors. Associations that are doing great in the cutting edge business time have legitimate human asset the board structures that are characterized by a few markers inside the association. Representatives take a gander at these markers to gauge the advantages that they get from the organization out of their push to give their best to the organization. Flextronics faces a few issues from the contextual analysis, in particular; absence of an unmistakable hierarchical culture, high representative turnover and absence of a half breed the board structure that is custom fitted to meet distinctive worker perspectives and discernments with respect to the board (Clark 2009, P.131). This report looks for t distinguish human asset related issues in Flextronics and propose potential ways that can be utilized to take care of the issues. Representative Turn Over This is estimated by the period that a representative remains with the association or how frequently workers are supplanted inside the association. Oswald, Eugenio and Daniel (2006, p. 24) recommend that it depends on the rate that the representatives leave the organization and not the reasons that make these workers leave. The development of the laborers inside and outside the association is viewed as willful or automatic and consequently this is utilized to settle on choice on how the association fulfills the representatives. Be that as it may, there are three viewpoints under which a representative can leave an association, willful partitions, cutbacks and release. Deliberate partitions involve end of the connection between the worker and the association through the activity of the representative (Yang, Wan Fu, 2012, P.840). The representative along these lines laves the association freely through mentioning to end the agreement with the association. Cutbacks are a consequence of suspension from the finance arrangement of the association started by the association because of the executives choices that are generally determined by financial components like lull. On the hand release is a changeless end of the representatives benefits as a proportion of disciplinary activity. Here the worker is automatically released from the duties and advantages that they get from the association. Macey Schneider (2008, p. 21) recommend that, representative turnover has been for the most part characterized as a negative issue however it can likewise have positive effects if the association can control the workers through setting up legitimate human asset frameworks. This is on the grounds that turnover is utilized as a pointer of execution in deciding the proficiency and adequacy of an association. This is a worry for some associations since it contrarily influences arranging and the assets that the association has contributed. Flextronics puts a great deal of assets in representatives through preparing and advancement programs that expect to clean the abilities of workers and builds the serious idea of the associations. Since the organization works in a consistently changing business line, the requirement for abilities and right worker designs is a factor that the administration considers no matter what. (Costen Salazar 2011, p. 278). Scientists have contended that representative turnover depends on stuns that assume a job in the choices that the worker makes to ether leave the association or remain in the association. Under intentional conditions, better open doors characterize the reasons for flight by the worker to another association. Luxembourg work showcase demonstrates that stirring rates are basic in numerous associations are identified with the variables that lead to representative turnover. Then again Angel, Junquera, Ordiz (2008, P. 6032) use worker withdrawal as one of the central point that expands turnover. The meaning of withdrawal is extended to incorporate a more extensive exhibit of factors. Human asset chiefs have connected worker turnover to work fulfillment inside an association. A few variables become possibly the most important factor to decide how a representative picks on association over another. These representatives have desires that should be made for them to be fulfilled. Utilizing Maslows order, when a representative enters the association compensation gets clear and accordingly the need to fulfill more significant level needs inside the association (Mehra et al 2006, P.21). A few elements assume a job in representative turnover; inspiration for more significant salary, low obligations at work, poor administration, constrained profession advancement and inability to perceive the endeavors and accomplishments of the worker. Hungarian representatives remain less with the association and left effectively whenever another open door emerges with better chances. Further various representatives from various nations had various observations about acknowledgment. Some needed declarations after an instructional class while others favored different types of acknowledgment like expanded duty with benefits (Macey Schneider 2008, P.23). Absence of Clear Organizational Culture Hierarchical culture is a feeling of personality that representatives use to recognize themselves with an association. This is a special identifier that the staffs use to separate themselves from different associations. It exists in all associations and characterizes the assurance and inspiration that the workers have. Societies are conveyed through antiques, images, qualities and fundamental suppositions that noticeable and undetectable. Maon, Lindgreen, Swaen (2008, P.25) present four sorts of authoritative culture: public culture, divided culture, organized culture and soldier of fortune culture. The four kinds of culture assume various jobs inside the association through structure of extraordinary groups inside the association. Associations depend on connections among people and gatherings in executing errands inside the association. This culture contains unwritten principles that characterize the manner in which the association works and addresses business issues inside the territory that it works. Flextronics does not have an unmistakable authoritative structure that characterizes the association and aides the exercises of the association. In the wake of understanding this doesn't exist, the executives has now directed assets and staff to guarantee that they can build up a character that characterizes the association by empowering the client and the representative to comprehend and effectively figure out what the association depend on (Ilies Nahrgang Morgeson 2007, p.271). In this way the way of life characterizes how representatives inside the association cooperate; it makes a sound method of relating between representatives at the workforce by creating unwaveringness designs in the association. Further, authoritative culture animates sound rivalry in the association by requiring a level ground where the representatives base their activities of set norms that are set up in the association. It empowers building up of connections among youngsters and bosses and manners by which these connections are characterized. Representatives are likewise persuaded to give their best to the association through framing bonds that are work driven. Through these bonds, representatives set up the best connections that expansion productivity and adequacy of the workforce. Gordon (2011, P. 398) contends that, Organizational culture hence involves strategies in an association that characterize the method of doing things that the association feels is one of a kind from diff erent associations. This empowers characterizing of individual jobs and how the job is shared among representatives. Work relations are characterized by the relationship that the representatives have when doing undertakings at the hierarchical level. Hierarchical culture in this way is the mortar that concretes connections that representatives structure in their line of obligation. For appropriate coordination starting with one errand then onto the next and one level to another, there must be a casual coordination that characterizes how the workers relate and how obligations are characterized and shared. Further, Scott-Findlay et al (2006, P. 522), proposes that driving associations have a set up culture with clear unwritten standards that workers follow. This culture is utilized in direction of workers and how they fit in the framework. This supports worker execution factors like reliable investigating work and principles that expansion proficiency. This empowers the person to build up a profession that characterizes how the workers address the issues of the association and build up their vocation. At the point when clear obligations are set inside the association, workers set their targets that target meeting their vocation improvement needs. On the underhand, new workers utilize hierarchical culture to fit into the association through cultural assimilation. Absence of a Hybrid Management System that Accommodates Different Styles of Management Flextronics has a bigger global nearness with business activities in various nations. Every one of these nations credits to explicit administration and correspondence designs at the hierarchical level. For instance explicitness and relational contrasts can be experienced among Hungarians and Austrians. On the hand various groups inside the association gathered diverse Six Sigma practices, quality and material administration, program the executives and preparing. This prompted the requirement for a typical stage inside the organization and its huge scope tasks that prompted mix of both Flex University and Flex Factory. This prompted worldwide access to normalized preparing and administration advancement in human asset. The most effective method to Deal with Employee Turn Over Paying workers more than what different contenders pay is the least complex answer for representative turnover. This will mean the organization offers preferred advantages over the contending organization and in this way no

Drugs & Crime- Internal Restraints Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medications and Crime-Internal Restraints - Assignment Example Self-affirmation goes about as a reason for inspiration for the individual attempting to beat the issue. What's more, inspiration encourages the patient to stifle the desires for taking part in criminal conduct and medication use. Offering the issue to others likewise debilitates the hankering. Over a period, the individual will have the option to manage the inclination efficiently until they beat the hankering totally (Marlatt et al. 65). Outside signs are occasions and exercises that exist inside the earth of the influenced person. Certain boosts in the encompassing of the patient can be related with elective upgrades (Marlatt et al. 276).The sights, sounds and smell officially connected with a hankering to carry out a wrongdoing or misuse medications may infer peril. Areas recently connected with satisfaction as bars, houses where the wrongdoings were submitted or companions who participated might be dependent upon translation by the mind as an indication of threat. The individual may deliberately cease from visiting such areas during

What Is Interference in Psychology

What Is Interference in Psychology Basics Print Types of Interference in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 25, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 06, 2019 Radachynskyi/Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Origins Proactive Interference Retroactive Interference Examples Research Applications View All Back To Top Interference is one theory to explain how and why forgetting occurs in long-term memory. Interference is a memory phenomenon in which some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories. Essentially, interference occurs when some information makes it difficult to recall similar material. Similar memories compete, causing some to be more difficult to remember or even forgotten entirely. Because of this, some long-term memories cannot be retrieved into short-term memory. Have you ever found yourself confusing the memory of one event with another? Such occurrences can be surprisingly common, especially if you are faced with a number of very similar memories. If someone asked you to recall what you had for breakfast last Monday, for example, you might struggle to remember because you have so many similar memories of other meals. There are many different but similar memories encoded in long-term memory, which can make it challenging to recall a specific event and bring it into short-term memory. Origins What causes forgetting? Researchers have long been interested in understanding not only how memory works but why people sometimes forget. Interference theory is just one of several proposed explanations for forgetting. Some important studies have contributed to the development of interference theory. In one of the first studies on the phenomenon of interference, researcher John A. Bergstrom had participants sort cards into two different piles. He found that changing the location of the second pile resulted in slower performance, suggesting that learning the rules for the first task interfered with the memory of rules for the second task. In 1900, researchers Muller and Pilzecker conducted influential studies on retroactive interference. They found that people were less likely to recall nonsense syllables if intervening material was presented 10 minutes or sooner following the original learning task.  They suggested that this indicated that new memories require a period of time to become stabilized in memory, a process they dubbed consolidation. During the late 1950s, psychologist Benton J. Underwood looked at Ebbinghauss famous forgetting curve and concluded that forgetting was influenced not only by time but also by previously learned information. Something called decay theory, for example, elaborates upon Ebbinghaus’s research and suggests that memories decay over time, leading to forgetting. However, a memory may also be susceptible to a number of other influences that affect how well things are recalled and why they are sometimes forgotten. While researchers can control for other factors in a lab setting, the real-world is filled with a variety of events that may also have an impact memory. Many events can take place between the time a memory is encoded and when it is recalled. How rarely (if ever) do you form a memory and then learn nothing new between the formation of that memory and the need to recall that information? Such conditions usually only take place artificially in experimental labs. Any number of these events and memories formed might play a role in interfering with the retrieval of a memory. In your day-to-day life, any number of events, experiences, and new learning can occur between the actual formation of one memory and the need to recall that memory. Researchers have found that when intervening gaps between encoding and recall are filled with other information, then there is a corresponding negative impact on memory. Due to this, it can be challenging to determine if forgetting is because of the passing of time or if it is a consequence of one of these intervening factors. Research suggests, for example, that interfering memories are one factor that can also contribute to forgetting. There are two different types of interference: proactive interference and retroactive interference. Proactive Interference Proactive interference is when older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories. Because older memories are often better rehearsed and more strongly cemented in long-term memory, it is often easier to recall previously learned information rather than more recent learning. Proactive interference can sometimes make it more difficult to learn new things. For example, if you move into a new house, you might find yourself accidentally writing your old address down when filling out forms. The older memory of your previous address makes it more difficult to recall your new address. Retroactive Interference Retroactive interference is when newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories. Essentially, this type of interference creates a backward effect, making it more difficult to recall things that have been previously learned. In the case of retroactive interference, learning new things can make it more difficult to recall things that we already know. For example, a musician might learn a new piece, only to find that the new song makes it more difficult to recall an older, previously learned piece. Research has found that around 70 percent of information is forgotten with 24 hours of initial learning.   While retroactive interference can have a dramatic impact on the retention of new knowledge, there are some effective strategies that can be implemented to minimize these effects. Overlearning is one effective approach that can be used to reduce retroactive interference. Overlearning involves rehearsing new material past the point of acquisition. It means studying and practicing what you have learned over and over, even after you have achieved sufficient mastery of the subject or skill. Doing this helps to ensure that the information will be more stable in long-term memory and improve recollection and performance. Examples of Interference There are many different examples of how interference can influence everyday life. Consider what happens when you learn how to do something new. If you get into the habit of doing something incorrectly, you will probably find it much more difficult to correct the behavior and perform the actions correctly in the future. This is because your previous learning interferes with your ability to remember more recent material, an example of proactive interference. Imagine a student preparing for a history exam. Between learning the information and taking the actual test, many things can take place. A student may take other classes, work, watch television, read books, engage in conversations, and perform many other activities during this intervening period. In addition to general decay caused by the time elapsed, other memories might form that could potentially compete with the material the student learned for his exam. If this student happened to be a history major, he might have even learned and studied material on similar subjects that might pose even greater interference. So when the student goes to take his exam, he may find recalling some information quite difficult. If he has learned subsequent material that is very similar to the original information, recalling facts and details for the exam might be quite difficult. He might find himself mixing updates of historical battles, or even struggle to remember essential details about how and why certain events took place. The memories formed during the interval between the learning and the test interfere with the older memories, making recall much more difficult. There are many other examples of interference and its effect on our memories. After changing your mobile phone number, you have a difficult time remembering the new number, so you keep accidentally giving people your old number. The memory of your old number interferes with your ability to recall your new number.You are trying to memorize a list of items you need to pick up at the grocery store. During the intervening time, you also happen to read a new recipe on your favorite cooking website. Later at the grocery store, you find yourself struggling to remember the items from your shopping list. The competing memory of the recipe’s ingredients interferes with your memory of what you need at the store.Students are often more likely to recall information that they learn shortly before an exam than the material they learned earlier in the term. In this case, newer information competes with the older learning.A native English speaker who is trying to learn French might find that they keep trying to apply the rules of their native language to the new language the y are trying to learn. Older memories interfere with memories of the new information, making it harder to remember the grammar rules for the new language.A teacher may struggle to learn the names of her new students each year because she keeps confusing them with the names of her students from previous years. Research Researchers have been able to demonstrate the effects of interference in numerous studies. They often do this by increasing the similarity of the information presented. For example, participants may be presented with the original information and then after a period of time, presented with more information. When tested on what they recall, interference is observed more frequently when the secondary information contains more similarities to the original material. The more similar two memories are, the more likely it is that interference will occur. In one of the earliest studies on the interference theory of forgetting, researchers had subjects memorize a list of two-syllable adjectives. Later, subjects were asked to memorize one of five different lists. Some of these lists were very similar to the original test material, while others were very different.   For example, some lists contained synonyms of the original words, some antonyms, and some were simply nonsense syllables. Later testing showed that recall improved as the differences between the two lists increased. The more similar the lists were, the more interference there was, leading to more difficulty with recall. In one 2018 study, researchers found that retroactive interference had a negative impact on learning and memory consolidation. After a learning task, some participants were presented with a subsequent interference task at various time points. Some had the second learning task three minutes after learning the first information, while others had it nine minutes after. What the researchers discovered was that the interference task decreased memory performance by as much as 20 percent. Interestingly, interference tended to have a greater negative impact on those identified as fast learners than it did on those identified as slow learners. Interference can play a prominent role in the learning process. Research suggests that previously learning material can have an impact on future learning and, conversely, newly learning information can affect past learning.  One study found that retroactive interference effects were more profound in younger children, but that these effects may diminish as people age. Applications Interference theory can have a number of real-world applications. From a practical, everyday standpoint, one of the best ways to improve your memory for something is to make it stand out. If you are trying to remember something and want to avoid the effects of interference, look for a way to add novelty. Making up a song, rhyme, or mnemonic is one way to help make what you are studying stand out in your memory. By making it memorable and less similar to other memories, it may become easier to recall. Regular practice sessions can also be useful for promoting overlearning and reducing the probability that new memories will interfere with what you are learning now. A Word From Verywell While interference is just one explanation for why we forget, it is an important one. The competition between similar memories might make it much more difficult to recall things you have learned in the past. This interference can also make it much more difficult to recall more recent memories, which can make learning difficult. Studies in lab settings support the existence and impact of interference, but in real-world settings, it is much more difficult to ascertain just how much of forgetting can be linked to the effects of interference. How Human Memory Works

Frankenstein - Fear of the Power of Science - 787 Words

‘Some readers have seen the novel as an illustration of the fear of the power of science’ To what extent do you agree with this view of the novel? I agree to a certain extent with this view, because Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein during the scientific revolution and therefore was influenced by many ideas and experiences of what science can do to you and how it can represent fear and bring about a change. Victor Frankenstein grabs hold of science and tests it boundaries as much as he can. Yet there is an element that represents his inability to do this. He comes across as if he has no true idea of consequences or outcomes for what he is doing, bringing a true element of fear forward for the reader to deal with. He is our unreliable†¦show more content†¦One true Gothic element that is portrayed in this novel is the idea of the doppelganger, and although Victor Frankenstein and the Creature look nothing alike, the Creature truly is the evil side of Frankenstein. He brings out Victor’s irresponsibility and ugliness, just like Mr Hyde brings out Dr Jekyll ugly side. The creature takes away Frankenstein’s Supe r Ego and leaves him with his Id. Therefore it may be true that Frankenstein has a focus on the fear of the power of science but I do not believe it is a true illustration of only this. So many Gothic elements come into play that sometimes this idea of the power of science can beShow MoreRelatedSome Readers Have Seen Frankenstein as an Illustration of the Fear of the Power of Science. to What Extent Do You Agree with This View Based on Your Reading so Far?1734 Words   |  7 Pagesand ethical thought challenged science and its moral reasoning. Frankenstein could be seen as an illustration of the fear of the power of science due to these social changes; however there is evidence within the text to support other aspects such as society and religion being the focal point of fear. 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This pathway holds not decision as toRead MoreHumanity s Fault And Strength, Ambition For The Unknown1322 Words   |  6 PagesThe answer lies in the ambition to do what no one has accomplished, either in spite of upbringing, the will to pronounce uniqueness, or to accomplish something of importance in the hopes it provides advancement for humanity. For example, the book Frankenstein expels all the wrongs that can appear from tinkering with the idea of reanimation of what once died, but now walks among us once again. Reminding us of what could happen when the question o f could it be done becomes more important instead of shouldRead MoreFrankenstein : The Way Frankenstein, And His Creation1275 Words   |  6 Pagesprevalent in Shelly’s novel is the way Frankenstein, and his creation, are controlled by their emotions. Frankenstein is continually ruled by his feelings of fear, guilt, and love throughout the novel. 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Alternatively, does he reveal to us the dangers of playing God? Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein uses Victor Frankenstein’s creation to expose the dangers of knowledge and playing God. Shelley exposes the readers to how in the pursuit of knowledge, man too often opens Pandora’s Box and unleashes unforeseen dangers unt o the world. Shelley uses Victor Frankenstein and his creation to expose how knowledgeRead MoreSimilar Ideas Presented in Blade Runner by Ridley Scott and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley 1469 Words   |  6 Pageshundred years after Frankenstein is still able to reflect the ideas proposed in the latter. Blade Runner by Ridley Scott deals with the effects of globalisation and consumerism during 1980’s. Alternatively, the epistolary novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley deals with the kinship to the natural world set in the Romantic Era and enlightenment period. 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Matrophobia is evident throughout the Gothic where the maternal protector is usually absent; either deceased like Madame St. Aubert in The Mysteries of Udolpho or imprisoned like Louisa Bernini in A Sicilian Romance. The mothers that continue to be present in the narrative are usually oppressed, such as Hippolita in The Castle of Otranto, or

The Truth Behind The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay

The Truth Behind The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The Truth Behind The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The speaker of this ironic monologue is a modern man who, like many of his kind, feels isolated and incapable of decisive action. Irony is apparent from the title, for this is not a conventional love song. Prufrock would like to speak of love to a woman, but he does not have the nerve. The poem opens with a quoted passage from Dantes INFERNO, If I thought that my reply would be to one who would ever return to the world, this flame would stay without further movement; but since none has ever returned alive from this depth, if what I hear is true, I answer you without fear of†¦show more content†¦This night gives Prufrock the idea that he is now able to talk to women; however he is never able to make her understand his true feelings. In his conversations, Purfrock can never push pass polite conversation for the fear of rejection. He also feels he has plenty of time because in line 23 he states And indeed there will be time meaning he doesnt have to jump with both feet in, it will happen eventually. Prufrock knew all of these people well, and he struggled with the thought that if he did advance past polite conversation that he would disrupt his circle of friends. This can be seen in lines 44 and 45, when he states, Do I dare/Disturb the universe. This internal conflict continues into line 70, where he starts to prepare a love speech for a particular woman and then basically says he should have been born a crab instead of a human who has to ask for love instead of taking it. The verse states Shall I say, I have gone at dusk through narrow streets And watched the smoke that rises from the pipes Of lonely men in shirt-sleeves, leaning out of windows? 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Exam 06044100 Free Essays

Part A: 1. Organization’s commitment to social responsibility takes the form of policies or pronouncements on what the organization intends to do to address its social impact in the community where it operates, which includes its stakeholders, suppliers and the general public. As such, a key requirement in implementing an organization’s commitment to social responsibility is the buy-in from the board and the top executives which make the policies, and the support of the middle-management and employees which will implement the policies. We will write a custom essay sample on Exam 06044100 or any similar topic only for you Order Now To do this, the board and top executives must understand the firm’s effects as an organization, and everyone else must have a clear grasp of the direction where it is going. Implementation involves the day-to-day operations, processes, activities, decisions and practices which will ensure that the organization’s socially responsible commitments and policies are carried out and met The main obstacles to implementing socially responsible policies are ,lack of clarity in policy statements, lack of a supporting structure system, processes and organization financial constraints programs and projects must have appropriate funding,lack of coordination among activities, lack of understanding and support from implementers middle management and employees. Some specific actions that can be taken towards increased social responsibility’s are. Come up with ways for the organization to integrate socially responsible policies into day-to-day operations and individual activities. This can be done by involving middle managers, employees, and other key players in brainstorming sessions. Develop a strong communication plan : Internally, focus on motivating factors such as how social responsibility can be a source of competitive advantage for the organization in terms of low production cost, improved product value, and build-up of customer loyalty. Externally, focus on making commitments public, not only to gain public attention, but to inform the public of what it is doing in terms of improving product value and customer service. Set measurable targets and continuously . Celebrating achievements can be a source of inspiration and increased commitment to social responsibility. 2. Departmentalization is the process of grouping activities, customers, or job functions into specialized groups of an organization to create better coordination. All large companies have multiple departments. These departments are specialized units that carryout pecific functions for a company. Most organizations have the functional departments of human resources, accounting, sales, and information technology. Types of Departmentalization 1) Functional: Groups of employees based on work performed (engineering, accounting, information systems, human resources). 2) Product: Groups of employees based on major product areas in the corporation ( womanâ€℠¢s footwear, men’s footwear, and apparel and accessories). 3) Customer: Groups of employees based on customer’s problem and needs (wholesale, retail, government). ) Geographic: Groups of employees based on location served North, South, Midwest, East). 5) Process: Groups of employees based on the basis of work or customers flow ( testing, payment) 3. Is a scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strategic planning process. Environmental factors internal to the firm usually can be classified as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W), and those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). SWOT analysis means analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The SWOT analysis provides information that is helpful in matching the firm’s resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. It is a useful strategic planning tool. It is based on the assumption that if managers carefully review internal strengths and weaknesses and external threat and opportunities, a useful strategy for ensuring organizational success can be formulated. As such, it is instrumental in strategy formulation and selection. Strength. A firm’s strengths are its resources and capabilities that can be used as a basis for developing a competitive advantage. It is an important organizational resource which enhances a company, competitive position. Some of the internal strengths of an organization are Distinctive competence in key areas ,Manufacturing efficiency like exclusive access to high grade natural resources, Skilled workforce, Adequate financial resources,Superior image and reputation such as strong brand names. -Economies of scale -Superior technological skills -Insulation from strong competitive pressures -Product or service differentiation -Proprietary technology such as patents and resultant ost advantages from proprietary know-how -favorable access to distribution network. Part B: . 1. Six Sigma at many organizations simply means a measure of quality that strives for near perfection. Six Sigma is a disciplined, data-driven approach and methodology for eliminating defects (driving toward six standard deviations between the mean and the nearest specification limit) in any process – from manufacturing to transactional and from product to service. The statistical representation of Six Sigma describes quantitatively how a process is performing. . The balance of trade of a nation is the difference between values of its exports and imports. When exports are greater than imports, the nation is said to have a balance of trade surplus. On the other hand, if imports are greater than exports, the nation is said to have a balance of trade deficit. Exports and imports that figure in the balance of trade concept arise in the context of trade with other countries. Exports are the value of goods and services produced in the United States and sold to other countries . 3. Perception is the process by which you become aware of objects and events in the external world. Perception occurs in five stages: (1) stimulation, (2) organization, (3) interpretation-evaluation, (4) memory, and (5) recall. 4. A decentralized organization is one in which decision making is not confined to a few top executives but rather is throughout the organization, with managers at various levels making key operating decisions relating to their sphere of responsibility. Decentralization is a matter of degree, since all organizations are decentralized to some extent out of necessity. . Bounded rationality is the idea that in decision-making, rationality of individuals is limited by the information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make a decision. It was proposed by Herbert A. Simon as an alternative basis for the mathematical modeling of decision making, as used in economics and related disciplines; it complements rati onality as optimization, which views decision-making as a fully rational process of finding an optimal choice given the information available. Thus the decision-maker is a satisfies, one seeking a satisfactory solution rather than the optimal one. 6. Although an early study, this is still often referenced. It is notable that the two factors correlate with the people-task division that appears in other studies and also as preferences. Consideration is the people-orientation and Initiating Structure is the task orientation. Initiating Structure is the degree to which a leader defines and structures his or her role and the roles of the subordinates towards achieving the goals of the group. . Think of negative punishment as Removing Something pleasant with the goal of decreasing a behavior. Think of negative reinforcement as Removing Something unpleasant with the goal of Increasing the target behavior. 8. A system is commonly defined as a group of interacting units or elements that have a common purpose. The units or elements of a system can be cogs, wires, people, computers, and so on. Systems are generally classified as open systems and closed systems and they can take the form of mechanical, biological, or social systems. Open systems refer to systems that interact with other systems or the outside environment, whereas closed systems refer to systems having relatively little interaction with other systems or the outside environment such as food and air and return other substances to their environment. 9. Basic tasks and functions of management include planning, organizing, staffing, motivating and controlling business and its activities. 10. Appraisals are most often used as a punitive tool, but they can be a very powerful management tool. Appraisals can help you find the areas that most motivate your employees and how to help them improve. By understanding the areas that most motivate your employees, the appraisals can provide you with the most important tool to guide your staff. 11. A group is said to be in a state of cohesion when its members possess bonds linking them to one another and to the group as a whole. Social norms are described by sociologists as being laws that govern society’s behaviors. Although these norms are not considered to be formal laws within society, they still work to promote a great deal of social control. Social norms can be enforced formally through sanctions or informally through body language and non-verbal communication cues. How to cite Exam 06044100, Essay examples

Case Study Volkswagen Emissions Scandal

Question: Discuss about theVolkswagen Emission Scandal. Answer: Introduction: Volkswagen, the worlds biggest car maker company, is indicted of installing software in its diesel vehicles which are sold since 2009 in the US cheats emissions tests by reporting the lower figures (Krall and Peng, 2015). Due to this in the short span of time share prices have fallen, there are lawsuits as well as recall issues. Moreover, criminal investigations are going on by US Department of Justice. Not only this, there is a threat of fine of around billion dollars. All these issues have led me to write a report focusing on the key issues as well as potential implications. Key Issues The company was trying to enter in the markets of U.S but unfortunately their vehicles did not meet the emission standards which were quite higher as compared to the requirements. Therefore, it is not possible that they are not aware that something wrong has been done to pass the emission tests. The company has tried various solutions to make it the best product. Initially, they have attempted to resolve the catalytic convertertechnology which was quite effective in reducing the nitrogen oxide gas from the exhaust of petrol engine. It did not work well in the exhaust of diesel engine due to the high percentage of oxygen. They have also tried to acquireMercedes'BlueTecmethod for reducing the effects of pollution. This technology was rejected by other parts of Volkswagen and therefore, they were forced to make their own system. Volkswagen started transferring their light-duty commuter vehiclesdiesel engines to a fuel injectionsystem. It helped them in getting higher fuel delivery by us ing electronicfuel injectorsas well as higher injection pressure, leading to fuelatomization, enhancedair/fuel ratiomanagement, and emission control. Thus they have started using the defeat device software. Volkswagen has used this software in 11 million cars worldwide and out of these 500,000 were sold in the US since 2009. In this, the engines are attached to the computer software which is smart enough that they can sense the test scenarios with the help of speed, air pressure as well as the steering wheel position (Schiermeier, 2015). The issue came into the light at the inspection of Environmental Protection Agency. The Environmental Protection Agency found the defeat device software in few Volkswagen car models. After detection of the test settings, it connects with the environmental friendly settings in which the speed of the engine is below normal power and ultimately improving the results of emission but this device automatically turns off when the vehicle is on the road so that drive performance can be enhanced (Chris and Gerhard, 2016). The main issue of Volkswagen was to increase the sale of diesel cars in the US. To increase the sales a massive marketing campaign was planned in which they declared that the cars' emission is less. The findings of EPA covered 482,000 diesel cars only in the US, which includes Audi A3, Jetta, Golf, Beetle, and Passat. Another issue was that they had modified the software of the 3-liter engines of diesel which is fitted in Porsche as well as Audi (Burki, 2015). The company has denied these complaints at the initial stage due to which 10,000 vehicles were affected. The crisis of the Volkswagen is due to the failure of culture in marketing, management of risk as well as internal controls. The interconnectivity between these parts is also a failure. The loss of reputation is an attribute of marketing approach. The task of marketing is to increase the sales but also to get the messages from the environment. Volkswagen is considered as an environment-friendly car due to which a lot of consumers have brought the cars but due to the emission scandal they trust on the company is broken. These emissions have caused adverse effects on the environment as well as the health of the individuals (Oldenkamp, van Zelm and Huijbregts, 2016). Now building the trust again is a long as well as hard process. Secondly, the risk management process of the organization tries to identify the risks apart from the financial as well as operational risks which can affect the image of the company. Some of these risks are ethical, social as well as environmental concerns. These risks although cannot be easily identified as they fall outside from the area of expertise, but it is necessary and possible to keep an eye on any of the wrong doing happening inside the organization. Ultimately, this wrong doing will turn as one of the major crisis in the long run. The third and the most important aspect is the internal control or audit. In this aspect, the monitoring of all the functions is done by checking the product against the set standards. The controls should be developed for areas where there is the higher tendency of manipulation. All the three functional areas can avoid reputational problems. If these systems are synchronized with each other, then it will become the perfect system without any chances of manipulation. Potential Implications Emission scandal led to the investigation of the Volkswagen Company in various countries. The stock prices have fallen in worth by a third in the days straight away after the news. The CEOMartin Winterkornhas resigned. Not only this, various personnels in the top ranks have been suspended such as the brand development head, R D head. Apart from this the organization has announced to spendUS$18.32 billion on fixing the emissions issues and have initiated the recall campaign in which they will refit the concerned vehicles (Altman, 2002). These vehicles have a tendency to emit gasses more than expected in the real driving conditions Approximately 50,000 US vehicles have been told to recall by the Obama administration. Due to this, they have set aside $7.3bn for covering the cost of recalls as well as other damage limitation.The market value of the company is dropped by 23% during the last year end after they have admitted that they cheated the diesel emissions (Licker, 2006). It has af fected the sales to a great extent. In U.S. there is a decline of around 25 percent in sales in November 2015. The total estimated cost is likely to exceed $8 billion because of this emission scandal. The effects are not limited to this. There are certain invisible as well as long term damages associated with it for e.g. the negative effect on the trust of the brand, customer satisfaction, and reputation, morale of the workers and trustworthiness, and investor confidence. It is easy to gain the lost money but it is difficult to rebuild the trust, once lost The emitted fumes have the ability to cause inflammation in the airways as well as they can worsen the breathing of anyone. NOx emissions can act in response to other compounds which will lead to serious respiratory conditions as well as heart problems. If the exposure is for the Long-term, then it can result to death. The research says that high levels of NOx lead to 9,500 premature deaths (Holland et al., 2016). It clearly shows that they have not fulfilled their Corporate social responsibility (Zhang et al., 2016). They have polluted the environment to a great extent and also disturbed the ecological balance which is against the ethics as well as the practices of the company. The implication of all this has stopped the sale of 2015 models, and the company is not allowed to sell the 2016 models till it fixes the program. It has put the other car makers also into a question that whether they are also using the similar kind of software. Due to this, many manufacturers are under pressure for giving the clarification (Mansouri, 2016). The Environmental Protection Agency of US will screen the other carmakers for the software "defeat devices". To overcome the crisis and gain the reputation back it is essential to have the strong leadership in which the employees feel free to raise their voice, and if anything like this is occurring then, the issues are brought into the eyes of the board. If the leaders are strong, then they will resolve the problems at the initial stages whereas on the other hand, weak leadership will lead to less chivalry as well as high materialism which have happened in the past. For earning more profits, they have put the lives of many people to danger (Barrett et al., 2015). To boost the morale of the existing employees, it is essential that the culture of the company is reshaped in which the emphasis should be on human values also apart from profit making. Building the integrity to gain the loyalty of the team members is the foremost step in reshaping the culture. Conclusion The corporate culture is a crucial factor (Fombrun and Foss, 2004). The board should be such where there is the diversity of opinion, and the voice of people is heard from time to time. Had there been synchronization in the marketing, risk management as well as the internal audit then such problem might not have evolved. The crisis has affected financially as well as there are invisible long term damages. The company must take steps in resurrecting the image. A plan is required to reduce the emissions and comply with the set standards. The measures should be such that emissions are reduced, and the performance is enhanced. A strong culture will be required for preventing any fraud in the coming future. References Altman, W. (2002). Getting the bugs out [Volkswagen in America].Engineering Management Journal, 12(1), p.5. Barrett, S., Speth, R., Eastham, S., Dedoussi, I., Ashok, A., Malina, R. and Keith, D. (2015). Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health.Environ. Res. Lett., 10(11), p.114005. Burki, T. (2015). Diesel cars and health: the Volkswagen emissions scandal.The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 3(11), pp.838-839. Chris, B. and Gerhard, v. (2016). An investigation of the marketing performance measurement practices in Hatfield Volkswagen group.African Journal of Business Management, 10(6), pp.131-139. Fombrun, C. and Foss, C. (2004). Business Ethics: Corporate Responses to Scandal.Corp Reputation Rev, 7(3), pp.284-288. Holland, S., Mansur, E., Muller, N. and Yates, A. (2016). Damages and Expected Deaths Due to Excess NO x Emissions from 2009 to 2015 Volkswagen Diesel Vehicles.Environmental Science Technology, 50(3), pp.1111-1117. Krall, J. and Peng, R. (2015). The Volkswagen scandal: Deception, driving and deaths.Significance, 12(6), pp.12-15. Licker, P. (2006). An Interview with Warren Ritchie, Director of IT Governance Americas Regions Volkswagen AG.Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 9(4), pp.72-76. Mansouri, N. (2016). A Case Study of Volkswagen Unethical Practice in Diesel Emission Test.IJSEA, 5(4), pp.211-216. Oldenkamp, R., van Zelm, R. and Huijbregts, M. (2016). Valuing the human health damage caused by the fraud of Volkswagen.Environmental Pollution, 212, pp.121-127. Schiermeier, Q. (2015). The science behind the Volkswagen emissions scandal.Nature. Zhang, B., Marita, V., Veijalainen, J., Wang, S. and Kotkov, D. (2016). The Issue Arena of a Corporate Social Responsibility Crisis The Volkswagen Case in Twitter.Studies in Media and Communication, 4(2).